News

Biochem student’s sustainable vision takes root through native plantings on campus

giffeyt — Tue, 04 Aug 2026 16:30:00 +0000

Biochem student’s sustainable vision takes root through native plantings on campusgiffeyt August 4, 2026

New historical mural, other areas enhanced by addition of local flora

A 91��Ƭ Polytechnic student is applying personal enthusiasm and academic experience to an on-campus summer job designing and creating landscapes that add native plants to the university grounds.

The landscapes will enhance the beauty and sustainability of several campus locations, including the new mural that showcases 91��Ƭ Polytechnic’s history on the exterior of the Administration Building, facing Alumni Clock Tower Plaza.

Pollinator-friendly native plants such as showy goldenrod and nodding pink onion have taken root this summer thanks to the green thumb of B.S. biochemistry and molecular biology major Adam Bayerl.

The student-led effort is an example of the university’s polytechnic identity, which emphasizes applied learning and research that brings students out of the classroom and into career-focused experiences.

Student Adam Beyerl plants perennials, including native species, in a bed on the 91��Ƭ Polytechnic campus.

“It’s definitely a passion project,” said Bayerl, a sophomore from Green Bay. “I have a personal vested interest in ecology. While it’s not my major, it’s definitely something my generation should start concerning itself with, considering how much it affects us, our well-being and the future in general.”

The project grew out of Bayerl’s interest in sustainability as well as inspiration from Assistant Professor Cassondra Vernier. In Vernier’s molecular cell biology course, Bayerl analyzed the gut microbiomes of bees, and Vernier suggested he could use the same technique to analyze soil microbiomes around campus. Bayerl learned that native plants improve soil in part by helping microorganisms thrive. Native plants are frequently more drought- and sun-tolerant than nonnative plants and are typically less expensive because they are easier for nurseries to grow.

In addition, Bayerl said, plants native to prairie biomes – which once covered parts of western Wisconsin – are known for their ability to trap carbon and filter environmental pollutants. Ideally, once established, these plants will require less water and labor to maintain.

Groundskeepers plant perennials on campus.

Idea becomes reality

Last spring, Bayerl prepared a proposal to create a native plant garden outside North Hall, where he lived at the time. The idea reached Zenon Smolarek, associate director of Facilities Management, and Nolan Dowd, assistant grounds supervisor, who met with Bayerl.

Associate Director of Facilities Management Zenon Smolarek

“He had a design, and we talked about native plants and drought resistance,” Smolarek said. “He came very well-prepared and was articulate. He really had a great attitude about the whole thing. I was impressed with what Adam had to say.”

Smolarek asked the student if there were other places on campus he had his eye on, while Dowd encouraged him to apply for a summer job as a groundskeeper – which he did.

First, Bayerl was asked to design a garden bed in front of Furlong Gallery by the Applied Arts Building. Then a spot alongside North Hall joined the list. Next came a mulch bed outside Bowman Hall and several spaces near the Administration Building, including beds by the new mural. In all, Bayerl has worked on plantings in eight locations on campus, six of which were entirely or partly composed of native plants.

“It’s quite a lot more than planned,” Bayerl acknowledged with a smile.

“Adam proceeded to design most of our plantings for the summer,” Smolarek said. “We’ve bought over 1,500 plants, and Adam has been primarily planting them along with a couple of the other limited-term employees.”

The projects have allowed Bayerl to step into a leadership role. In addition to typical summer groundskeeping tasks such as digging up mulch beds and sowing grass seed, he has been able to help his landscape ideas come to life by planting native species such as smooth aster, wild ginger and Lady in Red ferns.

Newly planted beds flank a new mural that encompasses 91��Ƭ Polytechnic's 135-year history.

Plantings enhance new mural

On a recent muggy summer morning, Bayerl and other groundskeepers carefully placed scores of plants in beds that flank the new mural on the east side of the Administration Building. The artwork, designed by California muralist Tom Seibert and painted by volunteers in June, was created as part of the communitywide Murals in Menomonie event.

The mural encompasses numerous elements from the institution’s 135-year history, including the logos of both the Stout Institute (1908-55) and Stout State University (1955-64), the contemporary triple-banded “S” logo, and pillars bearing the institution’s enduring values: Honor, Industry, Learning and Skill. A panoramic depiction of campus landmarks is framed by painted archways bearing the phrases “Forward from our founding” and “Forever to our future.”

And when it comes to the future, Bayerl has further dreams for helping native plants flourish across campus.

“I hope to incorporate more natural features, especially with a focus on pollinators – creating habitats for all the animals that you see around campus,” he said.

Smolarek said he admires Bayerl’s work ethic and imagination. “I’m curious what he’s going to think of next,” Smolarek said. “I’m sure the gears are turning, I’m sure he’s picking out other spots, other plants he wants to try. I’m very impressed with him.”

Student Highlights

All Student Highlights News

Biochem student’s sustainable vision takes root through native plantings on campus

New historical mural, other areas enhanced by addition of local flora

Students, staff turn community into a canvas during Murals in Menomonie

Muralists from around the U.S. and world join university artists and volunteers for public art event

Ashley, Cadrex, Apogee among companies benefiting from engineering students’ prototypes

Capstone projects demonstrate mechanical, manufacturing know-how, leadership skills

New historical mural, other areas enhanced by addition of local flora Student Adam Beyerl in planting bed

University Marketing

Students, staff turn community into a canvas during Murals in Menomonie

Muralists from around the U.S. and world join university artists and volunteers for public art event

Search Keywords: native plantssustainabilitymural

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Ashley, Cadrex, Apogee among companies benefiting from engineering students’ prototypes

giffeyt — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 12:45:05 +0000

Ashley, Cadrex, Apogee among companies benefiting from engineering students’ prototypesgiffeyt June 15, 2026

Capstone projects demonstrate mechanical, manufacturing know-how, leadership skills

Tom Giffey

91��Ƭ Polytechnic mechanical engineering student Dominick Marco faced several challenges when he became team leader for the second semester of a capstone project on behalf of Cadrex Manufacturing Solutions.

In addition to designing and building a prototype that would automatically assemble a plastic latch and a steel bracket into a completed part, Marco had to ensure that his six-member team stayed on track as the project deadline – and graduation – approached.

Marco wasn’t just learning engineering; he was learning leadership.

“I worked on delegating by asking questions rather than directing, and through this and similar techniques, I was able to stay up to date on my team’s progress while helping direct team members to work on important tasks without overstepping or feeling like I was micromanaging,” explained Marco, of Eleva.

“Working on a project like this with a team is a very valuable experience,” Marco continued. “Learning alongside other up-and-coming engineers has been an incredible two semesters.”

Students, faculty and industry representatives examine the prototype for Cadrex after the demonstration.

Such applied learning, which is key to the polytechnic mission that distinguishes 91��Ƭ Polytechnic, was on display in mid-May as mechanical engineering and manufacturing engineering seniors presented their capstone projects to industry leaders, faculty members and peers. These two-semester projects aren’t theoretical exercises. They lead to real, working prototypes designed to solve problems for industrial sponsors. In addition to Cadrex, one of the nation’s largest metal fabricating firms, corporate sponsors included Ashley Furniture, Tomahawk Manufacturing, Apogee Enterprises, Genesis Industries, Frost Inc. and Industrial Heat Transfer.

“This course sequence truly is a capstone on a student’s academic career at 91��Ƭ Polytechnic,” said Assistant Professor Nathan Spike, part of the capstone teaching team. “Over the two semesters, a student completes the transition from engineering student to a full-fledged, career-ready manufacturing or mechanical engineer – or, in some cases, both for students pursuing a dual major. Students can put what they have learned in these courses directly into practice as they transition into their engineering career.”

According to the university’s most recent First Destination Report, 100% of 2024-25 graduates from the manufacturing engineering program reported they were either employed or continuing their education within six months of graduation, with an average starting salary was $76,000. During the same period, mechanical engineering graduates had a 99% employment rate within six months and an average starting salary of $66,000.

A 91��Ƭ Polytechnic student adjusts piston positions in the prototype. / Submitted photo

Process teaches communication skills

At the culmination of the capstone process, second-semester teams offer presentations of their mechanical and manufacturing solutions, then demonstrate them. During their presentation, Marco and his team – fellow seniors Aiden Koepsel, Ben Swift, Will Schlafke, Darren Byle and Josiah Castleberg – described their project scope and how they reached their final design. Originally, they considered a conveyor belt to carry the two parts. However, this was ultimately replaced with static, angled ramps that bring the two pieces together to become the completed part, which ultimately will be used in a battery holder in a data rack enclosure.

Later, the Cadrex group and other capstone teams moved into a nearby lab in Fryklund Hall to demonstrate their projects. The Cadrex prototype, a single workstation on casters, came to life, smoothly combining the pieces into completed latches, which flowed into a plastic bin.

The prototype that students developed for Cadrex Manufacturing Solutions combined these two pieces into one component.

After the demonstration, team members chatted about the prototype with Wayne Greensky, an automation engineer at Cadrex’s Osceola plant, who provided technical input during the project. While the students had solid technical understanding when they began the project, what really grew over the course of two semesters was their communication skills, Greensky said.

“Communication with project stakeholders helps students shake off communication anxiety and prepares them for proper meeting etiquette, structure, and progress update communications, while also dealing with customer dictated deliverables,” Greensky said.

The 91��Ƭ Polytechnic students handled challenges – including bill of materials ordering and issues with electrical schematics – promptly and professionally, he added.

“This type of project is useful for getting engineering students comfortable with solving an unsolved problem,” Greensky explained. “Undergraduate degree curriculums typically do not prepare the students with coursework that does not have a ‘correct’ answer or solution method. This senior design experience fills that gap nicely.”

Students discuss a pallet destacker they designed on behalf of Ashley Furniture.

Efforts aimed at automation

During the spring semester, the Cadrex capstone group was just one of 13 teams composed of 83 students from 91��Ƭ Polytechnic’s Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering who worked on projects in Fryklund Hall labs.

Senior Sawyer Boigenzahn, a manufacturing engineering major from Mondovi, was the first-semester team lead for a project to create an automated system to wash and dry extruded aluminum window frames for Apogee Enterprises, owner of the Wausau Windows and Walls brand.

The frames, Boigenzahn explained, are processed in a CNC machine and emerge covered in chips, coolant and cutting fluid. Currently, the parts must be washed by hand, which leads to inconsistent cycle times. Automation would improve the quality and consistency of the process, ultimately saving Apogee time and money.

The five-member team – which also included Boigenzahn, Logan Boettcher, Brody Bongaarts, Brooks Brewer, and Joseph Gardner – conceived of a device that operated something like a car wash, but they pondered whether the sprayer or the aluminum part itself should be what moves. Ultimately, Boigenzahn explained, they decided it was easier to move the part through the sprayers than vice versa.

Based on feedback from their end-of-semester presentation, the team will return to build a prototype of their design in the fall semester. “We are at the start of that process, because this is a very difficult process to automate,” he said.

Boigenzahn, who previously worked as a welder, said the capstone project is a reminder that engineering isn’t about a single input inevitably leading to a single output: It’s a practical discipline that involves hands-on craft.

“For us, it’s an experiment in terms of our ability to understand the mechanical and engineering principles that we’ve been taught and actually apply them in the real world,” Boigenzahn said. “And more importantly, when you encounter real world problems – including teamwork issues, design problems, people giving you conflicting advice – how do you try to solve them? The thing about design is that you can’t just plug it into a computer and it spits out the right answer. That is just not the way this works.”

Despite the challenging work involved in the capstone process, Boigenzahn said it’s ultimately a valuable part of the 91��Ƭ Polytechnic experience. “I don’t think Stout would stand out as much if we did not do these things,” he said.

Capstone students cut holes in an electrical box while building their prototype for Cadrex Manufacturing Solutions. / Submitted image

Teamwork connects students, faculty, industry partners

The capstone process is a team effort, and not just among the students: In addition to Spike, instructors include Senior Lecturer Glenn Bushedorf, Lecturer Anwr Albaghdadi, Lecturer Brandon Dick and Lecturer Niloofar Moradian, with technical support from Paul Craig, program director for manufacturing engineering.

And it’s an effort that leads to results for industry sponsors, Spike explained. “The prototypes students develop often serve as a starting point or otherwise inform the direction a company will go with their process or product,” he said.

In addition, two semesters of intensive, iterative capstone work provide invaluable experience for emerging engineers as they enter the job market.

“Getting the chance to be a part of a project like this and create such a cool prototype machine for Cadrex has honestly been one of the best experiences to date,” Marco said. “This is the largest, most expensive project I have ever been a part of, and it makes me emotional seeing it come to a close. I am sad knowing that I will most likely never see it after it ships away, but I am so very happy to have gotten to design, develop and assemble the prototype.”

School of Engineering

All School of Engineering News

Engineering students support Sierra Space’s lunar testing system

Alum works with engineering students to improve lunar dust testing, bolstering NASA’s return to the moon

Ashley, Cadrex, Apogee among companies benefiting from engineering students’ prototypes

Capstone projects demonstrate mechanical, manufacturing know-how, leadership skills

Inspiring Graduate: Thomas Shamla, B.S. Mechanical Engineering

Hired before graduation at Absolut Manufacturing

Capstone projects demonstrate mechanical, manufacturing know-how, leadership skills Cadrex capstone demonstration

University Marketing

Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering

The Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering focuses on enhancing the learning experience for students in 91��Ƭ Polytechnic's engineering programs.

Search Keywords: capstonemechanical engineeringmanufacturing engineering

Hero Caption: 91��Ƭ Polytechnic students demonstrate a prototype they created for Cadrex Manufacturing Solutions as part of their senior capstone project.

Nathan Spike

Full Name: Nathan Spike

Job Title: Assistant Professor

Include in Directory: Yes

College: College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Management

Department: Engineering & Technology Department Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering

Program

All Degree Programs

Curriculum Vitae: Nathan Spike CV (104.81 KB)

Education:

CSTEMM

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Cybersecurity faculty win Pentagon-sponsored competition to build workforce preparedness

giffeyt — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 20:45:00 +0000

Cybersecurity faculty win Pentagon-sponsored competition to build workforce preparedness giffeyt June 9, 2026

Department of War selects platform to inspire national cyber defense education models

A cybersecurity training platform developed by University of Wisconsin-Stout Polytechnic faculty has won a high-stakes, Pentagon-sponsored competition and will now serve as a blueprint for scalable cybersecurity learning nationwide.

The Department of War’s Aligned Skills Curriculum and Experiential Network Design (ASCEND) Challenge received innovative entries from a pool of more than 60 applicants, all of them designated by the National Security Agency as Centers of Academic Excellence in Cybersecurity (CAE).

From among these entries, five finalists – including 91��Ƭ Polytechnic – were invited to make presentations in a “Shark Tank”-style event at the CAE Cybersecurity Community Symposium in Pittsburgh last month.

“Our goal was to show how AI and cloud technologies can help learners build skills faster, respond to cyberattacks more effectively, and prepare for the reality that AI-powered attacks now operate at machine speed,” said 91��Ƭ Polytechnic Professor Holly Yuan, who made the pitch alongside Instructor Brandon Cross.

The victory underscores 91��Ƭ Polytechnic’s role as a nationwide leader in applied cybersecurity education: The cybersecurity program was recently ranked at No. 14 in the United States by Programs.com, and 91��Ƭ Polytechnic student teams continue to excel in state, regional and national cyber defense competitions.

Professor Holly Yuan receives a ceremonial prize check after the competition from Scott Nelson, acting principal director of the Department of War Cyber Academic Engagement Office. / Submitted photo

Model teaches cyber defense skills

The ASCEND Challenge wasn’t just looking for ideas, but for scalable solutions that could train the next generation of the cybersecurity workforce, explained Yuan, director of the university’s B.S. cybersecurity program as well as the B.S. computer networking and infrastructure engineering program. The 91��Ƭ Polytechnic presentation, “ASCEND-AI: Cyber-AI Launchpad,” is an AI-powered digital twin cyber range training environment that combines hands-on learning with machine-speed attack simulations. As a “digital twin,” the environment emulates a real-world computer network, creating authentic simulations.

“The platform is designed to help learners build cybersecurity skills through realistic AI-enabled attack and defense scenarios,” Yuan added. “It includes AI-powered red teaming, allowing learners to practice defending against realistic, machine-speed attacks in a safe cyber range environment.”

91��Ƭ Polytechnic presented alongside teams from four other universities – San Jose State, North Carolina A&T, University of Maine at Augusta and Anderson University – before a panel of cybersecurity experts from the Department of War and other federal offices.

Yuan said she thinks the judges favored the 91��Ƭ Polytechnic presentation because it was a working platform, not just a concept, which offered AI-powered scaffolding for learners as well as real-time operational metrics – allowing learners to be judged not only on whether they completed an activity but how quickly they acted under pressure.

“The combination of academic rigor, AI-enabled training, workforce alignment, hands-on learning and immediate workforce impact resonated with the panel,” said Yuan, who is also founding director of the 91��Ƭ Polytechnic’s Cybersecurity Research & Outreach Center (CyROC).

In addition to winning a $1,000 cash prize, 91��Ƭ Polytechnic will receive strategic grant mentorship through Tony Coulson, executive director of the Centers of Academic Excellence Community, which includes nearly 500 educational institutions nationwide. The top three winning designs are also expected to inform a future Department of War solicitation aimed at building scalable cyber learning frameworks across the nation.

“This gives us an opportunity to help shape future cybersecurity education models beyond 91��Ƭ,” said Yuan, who was also honored at the symposium with an Outstanding Mentor Award from the CAE Community.

91��Ƭ Polytechnic cybersecurity students pose at the Wisconsin Governor’s Cybersecurity Summit. / Submitted photo

Student competitors rack up wins

The ASCEND Challenge victory wasn’t an isolated success for 91��Ƭ Polytechnic’s cybersecurity program.

Recently, 91��Ƭ Polytechnic students placed first and second in the “Hack the Box” competition at the Wisconsin Governor’s Cybersecurity Summit in Appleton. Participating students included Hannah Meyers of Altoona; Daisy Hardwick of Roscoe, Illinois; Chloe Kaneski of Minneapolis; Kaonou Lor of Durand; and AuGust Ringelstetter of Cameron. Yuan also participated in the summit’s closing general session panel, titled “Where Wisconsin Cyber Goes Next.”

Earlier in the semester, the 91��Ƭ Polytechnic Collegiate Cyber Defense Team won the Wisconsin state cyber defense championship for the sixth consecutive year. In February, the team took part in the Midwest regional competition with the No. 1 schools from 11 other states. Among this elite group, 91��Ƭ Polytechnic finished in a three-way tie for fourth place and was recognized by the Midwest Regional Collegiate Cyber Defense Competition director as a “top-tier cybersecurity team.”

Cybersecurity

All Cybersecurity News

Cybersecurity faculty win Pentagon-sponsored competition to build workforce preparedness

Department of War selects platform to inspire national cyber defense education models

91��Ƭ cybersecurity program ranks No. 14 in nation as students excel in cyber defense competitions

Program has earned national credentials, international reach during its first four years

Inspiring Graduate: Owen Pryga, B.S. Cybersecurity

Hired before graduation as Heartland Business Systems consulting engineer

Department of War selects platform to inspire national cyber defense education models Professor Holly Yuan with director of CAEO

University Marketing

Cybersecurity Research & Outreach Center (CyROC)

91��Ƭ Polytechnic's Cybersecurity Research & Outreach Center is leading cybersecurity research, education, and workforce needs in Wisconsin.

B.S. Cybersecurity

Our B.S. Cybersecurity program offers the theoretical and practical training to pursue critical certifications in Cyber Ops, CCNA, AWS, and CEH.

Learn More

B.S. Cybersecurity Online

Our online B.S. Cybersecurity program offers the theoretical and practical training to pursue critical certifications in Cyber Ops, CCNA, AWS, and CEH.

Learn More

Search Keywords: cybersecurity

Hero Caption: 91��Ƭ Polytechnic Professor Holly Yuan and Instructor Brandon Cross make their pitch during the Department of War’s Aligned Skills Curriculum and Experiential Network Design (ASCEND) Challenge in Pittsburgh in May. / Submitted photo

Holly Yuan

Full Name: Holly Yuan

Job Title: Professor / Program Director

Include in Directory: Yes

College: College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Management

Department: Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science Department Cybersecurity Research & Outreach Center (CyROC)

Program

All Degree Programs

Education:

Degree: Ph.D. Computer Information System

University: Nova Southeastern University

Degree: M.S. Computer Science

University: Georgia State University

CSTEMM

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

John Deere partners with engineering students, faculty on sustainable plastic research

giffeyt — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 13:00:00 +0000

John Deere partners with engineering students, faculty on sustainable plastic researchgiffeyt April 9, 2026

Two-year project seeks to identify recycled polymers that can be used in manufacturing process

Tom Giffey

John Deere machinery has been recognizable for its distinctive green color for more than a century. Student and faculty researchers at 91��Ƭ are working to ensure that John Deere is also known for a different kind of green: sustainability.

Led by Professor Wei Zheng, student research assistants in the B.S. plastics engineering program have been working over the past two academic years to study how John Deere might be able to use recycled plastic polymers to manufacture vehicles.

Zheng is an active member of the Society of Plastics Engineers, and it was through that organization that she formed connections with engineers from John Deere, which is based in Moline, Illinois. The relationship led to a research contract between the Fortune 500 company and 91��Ƭ, which was facilitated by the university’s Office of Corporate Relations & Economic Engagement.

Beginning in August 2024, students and faculty have tested and molded batches of different types of recycled plastic to see if they meet the manufacturer’s needs.

“John Deere is asking two key questions,” Zheng said. “Can recycled polymers be used to manufacture these parts? And can those parts meet performance requirements?”

The research is part of the company’s commitment to incorporating more recyclable and renewable materials into its products so it can be ahead of the curve in its industry, she said.

Student research assistant Ryan Xu measures plastic samples.

Students create, test samples

This semester, two student research assistants have worked on the project. One of them, junior Stephanie Kuhn, explained that the process begins with pellets of different types of recycled plastic polymer that are fed into a massive injection molding machine in the Plastics Engineering Lab inside Jarvis Hall Technology Wing.

Heat and friction melt the pellets, which are forced into a mold where they take the desired shape. Once completed, these pieces are cut precisely into various testing specimens by Instrument Shop Supervisor John Buss, who also assists with machine-related issues.

Next, students subject the specimens to a range of tests, including evaluating their short- and long-term mechanical behavior under stress, as well as their thermal and physical properties to assess overall performance.

Kuhn, who is pursuing a double major in B.S. plastics engineering and B.S. mechanical engineering, said having an opportunity to do this kind of work as an undergraduate is what attracted her to 91��Ƭ.

“I just love being able to use all the machines hands-on. It helps being able to see and use the equipment,” Kuhn said. While already familiar with the injection units and testing equipment from her coursework, taking part in the research helped Kuhn better understand how the equipment operates, reinforcing what she learned.

Likewise, the importance of the research has been highlighted by Kuhn’s classwork, which has emphasized the need for increasing the use of recyclable plastics. “It has definitely opened my eyes that we need to learn to be more sustainable,” she said. “If John Deere begins to use this, hopefully other manufacturers will, too.”

Sabbatical recap: Wei Zheng, Plastics Engineering, 2024-25

Building biodegradable, sustainable plastics

This semester’s other research assistant, Ryan Xu, a Menomonie High School senior who is already taking classes at 91��Ƭ, said he appreciates the applied nature of the project, including being able to use advanced equipment and analyze data.

Professor Adam Kramschuster has also helped with the John Deere research project by setting up, optimizing and troubleshooting the injection molding process for manufacturing the samples. This work has involved training the student research assistants and helping with the machine during the molding trials.

“I love working with students. It’s why I am here, and I enjoy it when they learn and take responsibility as their knowledge base grows,” Kramschuster said.

“Our labs are exceptional,” he continued, “and the opportunity to use them for industry projects is ideal in that the students get even more real-world training during their undergraduate experience.”

Student research assistants Ryan Xu, left, and Stephanie Kuhn work with an injection molding machine in 91��Ƭ's Plastics Engineering Lab.

Sustainability key to professor’s research

The kind of research happening in the Plastics Engineering Lab isn’t uncommon at 91��Ƭ. In fact, applied learning and research are among the pillars of the university’s polytechnic identity, which also include business and industry collaboration and career-focused experience – all three of which are part of the John Deere project.

Zheng noted that two of her prior research assistants leveraged their experience on the project to find jobs in the plastics industry at EVCO and Phillips Medisize. “This project helped them to solidify their injection molding and material testing skills, giving them a clear advantage in the job market,” she said.

The research, she added, will continue through at least this August. “John Deere is quite pleased with the results we have generated so far,” she said. “John Deere has been very supportive throughout the process, including providing Stout the plaque mold and materials, as well as sharing their technical expertise. They even connected us with material suppliers and molders.”

Zheng’s work on behalf of John Deere complements her ongoing research focus on sustainability. During the 2024-25 academic year, Zheng conducted sabbatical research in advancing sustainability in the field of plastics, focusing on the biodegradation of plastic materials and the recycling of thermosetting materials. Typically, thermoset plastics have undergone a curing process that prevents them from being remelted or reshaped, posing a challenge in the recycling process. However, plastics engineers and chemists researching the reverse crosslinking process are developing ways to break the chemical bonds, allowing thermosetting plastics to be recycled. Part of Zheng’s research focused on finding ways to reverse the process, increasing the recyclability of this kind of plastic.

Plastics Engineering

All Plastics Engineering News

Inspiring Graduate: Cassie Santelman, B.S. Plastics Engineering

Hired before graduation as a process engineer at Nolato

Co-op Q&A: Noah Klenner, Nicolet Plastics and Harley-Davidson

‘My internships built on the strong foundation Stout has given me by showing me how concepts are used in actual production environments.’

John Deere partners with engineering students, faculty on sustainable plastic research

Two-year project seeks to identify recycled polymers that can be used in manufacturing process

Two-year project seeks to identify recycled polymers that can be used in manufacturing process Plastics Lab Injection Molding Machine

University Marketing

B.S. Plastics Engineering

Our B.S. Plastics Engineering program will prepare you for a career leading innovation in medical, automotive, and other industries.

Learn More

Corporate Relations & Economic Engagement

91��Ƭ's Office of Corporate Relations & Economic Engagement is your go-to organization for connecting business and community with our extensive resources.

Search Keywords: plastics engineeringindustry partnershipsJohn Deereengineering schoolsustainability

Hero Caption: Student research assistants Stephanie Kuhn, left, and Ryan Xu hold samples in front of an injection molding machine in 91��Ƭ's Plastics Engineering Lab.

Wei Zheng

Dr. Zheng is an Associate Professor and Program Director of the Plastics Engineering Program at University of Wisconsin-Stout. Prior to joining 91��Ƭ, she was a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Polymer Science and Engineering Department at University of Massachusetts-Amherst. She received a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Texas Tech University in 2008. She is the recipient of several state-funded grants including the WiSys Applied Research Grant and the G. A. Taft Professorship of 91��Ƭ.

Her current research focuses on the bio- and/or biodegradable polymers including rheology of polymer melts and glasses, physics of crystallization and glass transition, curing kinetics of reversible thermosets, and structure-property-processing relationship. She has published 32 refereed articles with more than 700 citations. Dr. Zheng has also been active in the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) including serving as the Councilor of the Applied Rheology Division of SPE and the President of Chinese American Society of Plastics Engineers.

Full Name: Wei Zheng

Job Title: Professor

Include in Directory: Yes

College: College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Management

Department: Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering Engineering & Technology Department

Program

All Degree Programs

Curriculum Vitae: Curriculum Vitae (134.14 KB)

Education:

Degree: Ph.D. Chemical Engineering

University: Texas Tech University

Degree: B.S. Chemical Engineering

University: East China University of Science and Technology

CSTEMM

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Solutions for space debris, cybersecurity threats among students’ applied research topics at state Capitol

giffeyt — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 18:57:03 +0000

Solutions for space debris, cybersecurity threats among students’ applied research topics at state Capitolgiffeyt March 12, 2026

Undergraduates demonstrate applied learning at annual Research in the Rotunda event

Tom Giffey

From the depths of outer space to the cutting edge of cyberspace, 91��Ƭ undergraduates presented wide-ranging, impactful research March 11 at the annual Research in the Rotunda event in the Wisconsin State Capitol in Madison.

The event embodies 91��Ƭ’s polytechnic approach on a statewide stage, with student and their faculty advisers sharing the tangible implications of their applied research in multiple disciplines, including chemistry, cybersecurity, conservation, packaging and human development.

“It’s one of the more significant events students can go to where they can experience that they are an expert,” said Professor Tina Lee, who has accompanied applied social science students to Research in the Rotunda for more than a decade. Over the years, Lee has watched as student researchers have developed professional confidence presenting their research under the Capitol dome.

Nine outstanding 91��Ƭ undergraduates were among the roughly 125 students from all 13 Universities of Wisconsin campuses who shared their research at the 22nd annual event, which celebrates the positive economic impact of the state’s universities. Elected officials, policymakers and business leaders were among the hundreds of visitors who explored the displays, chatting with undergraduates and their faculty advisers. Gov. Tony Evers was in attendance, as was Universities of Wisconsin President Jay Rothman, who visited with 91��Ƭ researchers.

“Undergraduate research transforms learning,” as undergraduates apply innovative thinking, data analysis and problem solving to identify solutions, Rothman said.

“In doing so, our students gain exactly the skills that employers across Wisconsin need,” he said. “In short, these research experiences make our universities an even stronger pipeline of great talent.”

91��Ƭ chemistry major Reese Hufnagel speaks about her work on space debris at Research in the Rotunda.

Bringing space research down to earth

Among the stratosphere-scraping undergraduate talent was 91��Ƭ junior Reese Hufnagel, a B.S. chemistry major who, alongside faculty adviser Professor Matthew Ray, is trying to solve the problem of reentry debris from spacecraft and satellites.

Ideally, materials such as expendable rocket stages and decommissioned satellites burn up when they fall back to earth. However, as stronger carbon-fiber materials have become more common and the number of rocket launches has increased exponentially thanks to firms like SpaceX, reentry debris has become much more common in recent years, Hufnagel explained. To address this potential danger, Hufnagel and Ray have worked to create a catalytic additive that, when integrated into carbon-fiber materials, can cause them to disintegrate when they reach a specific trigger temperature at reentry.

“I think this research is really important because it could solve one of the major issues that is being faced by the aerospace industry today,” Hufnagel said. Entities such as the European Union and the European Space Agency are at the forefront of this topic, the latter having created a Zero Debris Charter that calls for an end to space debris by 2030. “This research is a direct correlation with some of their goals and could significantly impact how people look at ‘design for demise’ when it comes to aerospace,” Hufnagel added.

To bolster their work, Hufnagel and Ray have conducted more than 50 interviews with people in the space industry, including experts at NASA, SpaceX and Sierra Space, which has a facility in Wisconsin. Among other things, the pair have formed a startup to commercialize their work, and Hufnagel has received a research scholarship from the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium.

As Wisconsin’s Polytechnic University, 91��Ƭ uses the slogan “Do More on Day One,” and Hufnagel jokes she began her research on “Day Negative Two” — the weekend before she even started classes.

“I don’t think that’s something you could do at another university,” she said. “I immediately got attention from people high up, like faculty, who were able to make those kinds of decisions. I was able to start right away as an 18-year-old, starting some of this research and having access to all of the labs.”

Cybersecurity majors Fletcher Meyer, left, and Chloe Kaneski stand by their display about the use of AI agents in cybersecurity.

Keeping an eye on AI agents

Two other 91��Ƭ undergraduates, senior Chloe Kaneski and junior Fletcher Meyer, have also researched ways to mitigate risky incidents, but in a very different kind of space. The B.S. cybersecurity majors’ work focused on using artificial intelligence agents to respond to cybersecurity threats.

Using a large language model (LLM) — specifically, one developed by Anthropic — the students programmed an AI agent to find and fix vulnerabilities in an IT system. The results were measured in terms of correctness, accuracy, effectiveness and other factors. They found that the agent could correctly identify vulnerabilities 74% of the time, but was less accurate (67%) in understanding the vulnerabilities.

“The result of the research was that there should always be a human element,” Meyer said. The AI agent, he explained, would sometimes harm a network while attempting to secure it — for example, by locking itself out without providing a means back in. “So while it can do things at great speed and great quality, there are things that — when it doesn’t match up — it does a very bad job at, and there need to be humans to validate its answers,” he added.

Kaneski said she expects her experience researching and working with AI will be an asset in the professional world.

“Especially in cybersecurity, AI is becoming a pretty big factor, so having exposure to it is going to be a good thing in the long run,” Kaneski said. “It could be valuable to employers if you can see if the tool is effective or not effective.”

Students from across all 13 Universities of Wisconsin campuses took part in Research in the Rotunda on March 11, 2026.

Research explores multiple disciplines

Participants in Research in the Rotunda are nominated by faculty, staff and a student committee. Here is a complete list of this year’s 91��Ƭ student researchers, their topics and their mentors:

Helayna Brown, of Menomonie, and Ella Kemp, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, both applied social science: Return on Investment of the Work of County Land and Water Conservation Departments in Wisconsin. Mentors: Professor Tina Lee and Assistant Professor Nicole Hayes.
Cayanna Erickson, of Eau Claire, environmental science: Monitoring the Zebra Mussel Invasion in Lake Menomin. Mentors: Lecturer Julia Chapman and Hayes.
Reese Hufnagel, of Anoka, Minnesota, chemistry: The Sky is Falling: Accelerating Demise During Uncontrolled Reentry of Space Debris. Mentor: Professor Matthew Ray.
Elias Jeska, of Somerset, environmental science: Microcystin Concentrations and Space: A Survey of Spatial and Depth Patterns. Mentor: Hayes.
Louis Malais, of Rhinelander, human development and family studies: The Effects of Traumatic Stress on Interpersonal Relationship Characteristics. Mentor: Associate Professor Kevin Doll.
Fletcher Meyer, of Appleton, and Chloe Kaneski, of Plymouth, Minnesota, both cybersecurity: Autonomous Al Agent for Incident Response. Mentor: Professor Holly Yuan.
Lauren Ras, of St. Michael, Minnesota, packaging: Raspberry Packaging Design: Effects of Air Flow Rate on Raspberry Shelf Life. Mentor: Assistant Professor Mary Paz Alvarez Valverde.

Research in the Rotunda is sponsored by Kwik Trip, Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce, BioForward, the Wisconsin Technology Council, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the UW-Milwaukee Research Foundation.

Applied Research

All Applied Research News

I’m a dietitian who had anorexia. Here’s how I ask about concerning weight loss.

91��Ƭ dietician cautions against avoiding discussing concerning changes to someone’s appearance

Creek restoration, data center viewpoints, sustainability researched by LAKES REU students

Nine undergraduates from around U.S. invite conversations on challenges, opportunities at community presentation Aug. 6

Engineering students support Sierra Space’s lunar testing system

Alum works with engineering students to improve lunar dust testing, bolstering NASA’s return to the moon

Undergrads demonstrate applied learning at Research in the Rotunda Zebra mussel display at Research in the Rotunda

University Marketing

B.S. Chemistry

Our B.S. Chemistry program prepares you to synthesize and characterize new materials and effectively scale commercial production processes.

Learn More

B.S. Cybersecurity

Our B.S. Cybersecurity program offers the theoretical and practical training to pursue critical certifications in Cyber Ops, CCNA, AWS, and CEH.

Learn More

Search Keywords: student researchResearch in the Rotundachemistrycybersecurity

Hero Caption: 91��Ƭ environmental science major Cayanna Erickson speaks about her research on the zebra mussel infestation in Lake Menomin at Research in the Rotunda on March 11, 2026.

Office of Research & Sponsored Programs

Investigate. Collaborate. Disseminate.

The mission of the Office of Research & Sponsored Programs (ORSP) at Wisconsin’s polytechnic university is to create and support a university culture that promotes research and assists the 91��Ƭ Polytechnic community in securing the funds to advance research, scholarship, industry collaboration, and other innovations.

ORSP offers support to faculty, staff, and students in their research endeavors. We guide researchers through the pre-award funding process, offering support in proposal development, budget development, and submission. Read on to learn more about our services.

Campus-Wide Support

Extramural Grant Applications and Administration
Internal Professional Development Grants
Research and Grant-Related Workshops and Training
Compliance
- Institutional Review Board
- Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee
- Responsible Conduct of Research
- Financial Conflict of Interest
Research Day
- Outstanding Faculty and Student Researcher Awards

Browse a full list of services

for 91��Ƭ faculty and staff through the ORSP intranet

Student Support

Student Research and Dissemination Grants
Connections to Academic Journals for Publication
Annual Events
- Research in the Rotunda
- National Conference on Undergraduate Research
- UW Symposium
- Quick Pitch
- SPARK Symposium

Browse a full list of services

for 91��Ƭ Polytechnic students through the ORSP intranet

Research Sponsors & Partners

91��Ƭ Polytechnic partners with a number of state, foundational, and federal sponsors, including but not limited to, the following (in alphabetical order):

3M Foundation
American Lung Association
American Math Society
Centers for Disease Control
Freshwater Collaborative of Wisconsin
Margaret A. Cargill Foundation
National Endowment for the Humanities
National Science Foundation
United States Department of Commerce
United States Department of Defense
United States Department of Education
United States Department of State
West Central Wisconsin Workforce Development Board
Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development
Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation
Xcel Energy Foundation

I’m a dietitian who had anorexia. Here’s how I ask about concerning weight loss.

91��Ƭ dietician cautions against avoiding discussing concerning changes to someone’s appearance

Creek restoration, data center viewpoints, sustainability researched by LAKES REU students

Nine undergraduates from around U.S. invite conversations on challenges, opportunities at community presentation Aug. 6

Engineering students support Sierra Space’s lunar testing system

Alum works with engineering students to improve lunar dust testing, bolstering NASA’s return to the moon

Web Production ORSP

Search Keywords: ORSPresearch servicesstudent research supportfaculty research supportresearch grant support

Include in Directory: On

Research Day 2018

Contact Information

Office of Research & Sponsored Programs

201 Robert S. Swanson Library & Learning Center

715-232-4042

rs@uwstout.edu

Get a glimpse of research

at 91��Ƭ 2024-2025

Watch this video

Check out Research Day

Protection of Research Subjects:

For the safety of human subjects, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a federally-mandated review board that exists to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects.

To ensure animal safety, the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) monitors and regulates the use of animals in research. Please find the IACUC Whistleblower Procedure here.

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

91��Ƭ cybersecurity program ranks No. 14 in nation as students excel in cyber defense competitions

giffeyt — Mon, 02 Mar 2026 16:00:00 +0000

91��Ƭ cybersecurity program ranks No. 14 in nation as students excel in cyber defense competitions giffeyt March 2, 2026

Program has earned national credentials, international reach during its first four years

Tom Giffey

Just four years after it was created, the 91��Ƭ Bachelor of Science cybersecurity program ranks as one of the best in the nation, recently landing at No. 14 among the Top 25 programs in the United States, according to Programs.com.

The cybersecurity program also was placed No. 21 among the Most Affordable Cybersecurity Bachelor’s Programs in separate rankings compiled by Cybersecurity Guide.

The accolades arrived just as cybersecurity students are making another strong showing in the annual Collegiate Cyber Defense Competition, earning the top spot in Wisconsin for the sixth time in seven years and placing second among teams from five states in a regional qualifier. Next, the 91��Ƭ team will compete at the Midwest Regional CCDC on March 20-21 at Purdue University Northwest in Hammond, Indiana.

91��Ƭ students also delivered an outstanding performance last fall in the National Cyber League (NCL) competition, which includes more than 9,000 students nationwide. The five-member 91��Ƭ team placed 43rd among nearly 800 institutions in the competition.

And in December, 91��Ƭ hosted its second annual Capture the Flag event, a competitive simulation in which participants solve security problems to gain points. The competition drew more than 100 participants, including students from other Universities of Wisconsin campuses, high school teachers and their students, and even students from Malaysia.

Professor Holly Yuan, program director of B.S. cybersecurity and B.S. computer networking and infrastructure engineering, points to driven, talented students as the reason for this notable string of achievements.

“I’m very proud of the students, our Stout students, because of their passion,” Yuan said. “My job is giving them the resources they need. They are self-driven.”

Last year, 91��Ƭ’s cybersecurity program placed No. 22 on the Best Value Cybersecurity Degree rankings by Programs.com. The most recent ranking — 14th among all U.S. cybersecurity programs — considers affordability as well as academic rigor, applied learning and the relevance of the curriculum.

That curriculum, Yuan explained, combines computer networking, computer science and applied math with cybersecurity-focused courses that explore security networking, security software and artificial intelligence in cybersecurity, all of which gives students industry-ready skills.

What really strengthens the program, she added, are its small class sizes, applied learning environment and strong industry partnerships that allow students to work on real-world projects.

“I think that combination makes the Stout program unique and strong,” Yuan said.

CCDC team members are Kayne Whitney, Fletcher Meyer, Brett Bender, Will Worthington, Andrew Rhode, Blake Dirksen, Ethan Coulthard, Daisy Hardwick, Chloe Kaneski and Kaonou Lor. / Submitted photo

Competitors juggle tasks to thwart hackers

Students say the cybersecurity program excels because it offers applied learning that combines computer science, networking and security.

“Students aren’t just learning concepts; they are applying them in labs fueled by passionate instructors. The work that Holly and other professors have put into the program shows to the students,” said junior Fletcher Meyer, a cybersecurity major from Appleton, Wisconsin, and president of the Cyber@Stout student organization.

Meyer said he was drawn to 91��Ƭ’s cybersecurity program because of its designation as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cybersecurity, the availability of Department of Defense scholarships, and its success in the Collegiate Cyber Defense Competition. This is Meyer’s third year taking part in CCDC, and he’s been focusing on learning more about firewall systems and teaching newcomers about Linux security.

In CCDC, team members are placed in a scenario where they must defend a compromised corporate environment that includes mail servers, databases, websites, and more. “A typical CCDC competition starts with the flag drop, where all teams can suddenly enter the environment and secure these services,” Meyer explained. “What makes this flag drop so special is the fact competitors already have the knowledge their system has been hacked and must be fixed soon — otherwise the red team hackers will further compromise our systems.”

At the same time, the team must respond to simulated users facing technical difficulties while also responding to “injects,” or business memos requesting certain tasks.

“The most challenging part of the competitions for me is the mental juggling act, remaining somewhat collected while balancing troubleshooting, injects, and other requests, all while the environment is trying to burn itself up,” said senior Brett Bender, a computer networking and information technology major from Rio, Wisconsin. “There’s a unique adrenaline rush in solving high-stakes puzzles under extreme pressure, especially when you’re doing it alongside one of the most talented teams in the Midwest.”

This is Bender’s first year taking part in CCDC, and he said the experience has been both amazing and rigorous. “We practice multiple times a week in our own environment, have volunteer red team hackers test our skills outside of competition, and have frequent presentations regarding various topics that are relevant during competition,” he said.

“Between practicing, competition, and other weekly meetings, it’s obvious that we all show up with a drive for excellence,” Bender continued. “Each of us finds joy in the challenges presented, and we are constantly looking to solutions for the situations we find ourselves in during competition.”

Professor Holly Yuan, right, and a 91��Ƭ student.

Lab experience leads to workplace skills

These competitions, as well as educational events hosted by organizations affiliated with the program, help expand the expertise of students and prepare them for the workforce. Senior Chloe Kaneski, a cybersecurity major from Plymouth, Minnesota, interned last summer as a technical support engineer at Verkada, a security technology company.

“This role was very centered around understanding networking concepts and how their devices were connected to a client’s network,” Kaneski said. “For my future career, I believe that the skills Stout’s program has given me and the knowledge I have learned from competitions will set me up for success.”

Kaneski, who will graduate in May, is already making a mark in her field. Last semester, she helped found a campus chapter of Women in Cybersecurity (WiCyS), which has hundreds of student and professional chapters worldwide, and she now serves as the organization’s president. “We are hoping that we can make a change for both current and future women in cybersecurity at Stout,” Kaneski said.

Sophomore Tram Nguyen of Vietnam is also involved WiCyS, and she received a scholarship to attend the Women in Cybersecurity Conference in Washington, D.C., in March. While Nguyen is majoring in computer networking and infrastructure engineering, she said that program is strongly connected to cybersecurity.

“Security is no longer separate from networking. It is embedded in infrastructure design, authentication and system architecture. That integration really drew me in,” she said.

Nguyen said being able to work directly with CNIT lab equipment helped prepare her for a network support internship with the City of Eau Claire. “Being able to rack equipment, cable switches, configure real devices, and troubleshoot physical connections builds practical confidence,” she said. “Those skills translate directly into industry roles. The combination of theory and real-device experience makes the program strong and career-focused.”

Cybersecurity degree, internships underscore renewed designation as national cybersecurity center

National Security Agency recognition goes through 2028; students receive paid internships as Career Services grows industry partnerships

Program has notable credentials, reach

91��Ƭ is designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cybersecurity through the 2028 academic year. 91��Ƭ was the first four-year university in the state to receive this designation.

The cybersecurity program is also recognized as a Cisco Certified Networking Academy, an AWS Certified Academy, a Palo Alto Cybersecurity Academy, and a Microsoft Certified IT Academy. Real-world lab experiences and courses are taught by faculty members with advanced IT industry credentials.

In addition to serving as cybersecurity program director, Yuan is also founding director of 91��Ƭ’s Cybersecurity Research and Outreach Center, which promotes cybersecurity research, education and workforce needs for the state of Wisconsin. While she is quick to laud her students and their success, she has earned honors of her own. Among other things, in 2024 she received the Visionary Academic Leadership Award at the 14th annual Cyber Security Summit in Minneapolis.

Cybersecurity program director receives national Visionary Academic Leadership Award

Yuan recognized for ‘pushing the envelope’ to train next generation at Cyber Security Summit

Last fall, she was selected by the U.S. State Department for the Fulbright Specialist Program, which sends professionals and academic experts abroad for two- to six-week project-based exchanges. In May, Yuan will travel to Malaysia for a specialist appointment in the Cybersecurity & Technological Convergence Department of the University of Kuala Lumpur. Her work will focus on cloud security and AI-driven cybersecurity, compliance frameworks and workforce skill gaps in Malaysia’s digital economy, as well as hands-on workshops in cloud security, AI-powered threat detection, digital forensics, and ethical hacking. Yuan said she will also provide faculty mentorship and curriculum development.

The connection between 91��Ƭ and the University of Kuala Lumpur was formed several years ago when Yuan first traveled to Malaysia thanks to a U.S. State Department grant obtained with the help of 91��Ƭ’s Office of International Education. “They made me feel so honored and welcomed, I couldn’t wait to go back!” Yuan said. “I’m super excited to strengthen the relationship between the two schools.”

Cybersecurity

All Cybersecurity News

Cybersecurity faculty win Pentagon-sponsored competition to build workforce preparedness

Department of War selects platform to inspire national cyber defense education models

91��Ƭ cybersecurity program ranks No. 14 in nation as students excel in cyber defense competitions

Program has earned national credentials, international reach during its first four years

Inspiring Graduate: Owen Pryga, B.S. Cybersecurity

Hired before graduation as Heartland Business Systems consulting engineer

Program has earned national credentials, international reach during its first four years Cybersecurity students in 91��Ƭ lab

University Marketing

Search Keywords: cybersecurityrankingscomputer networking and infrastructure engineeringCNIE

Hero Caption: Cybersecurity students at work in a 91��Ƭ lab.

Holly Yuan

Full Name: Holly Yuan

Job Title: Professor / Program Director

Include in Directory: Yes

College: College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Management

Department: Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science Department Cybersecurity Research & Outreach Center (CyROC)

Program

All Degree Programs

Education:

Degree: Ph.D. Computer Information System

University: Nova Southeastern University

Degree: M.S. Computer Science

University: Georgia State University

CSTEMM

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Building with air – how nature’s hole-filled blueprints shape manufacturing

hugginsm — Thu, 05 Feb 2026 17:29:24 +0000

Building with air – how nature’s hole-filled blueprints shape manufacturinghugginsm February 5, 2026

Professor Anne Schmitz examines the influence of the natural world on engineering and additive manufacturing.

Anne Schmitz

This article appeared in TechXplore and others, and originated from The Conversation, an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.

If you break open a chicken bone, you won’t find a solid mass of white material inside. Instead, you will see a complex, spongelike network of tiny struts and pillars, and a lot of empty space.

It looks fragile, yet that internal structure allows a bird’s wing to withstand high winds while remaining light enough for flight. Nature rarely builds with solid blocks. Instead, it builds with clever, porous patterns to maximize strength while minimizing weight.

Cross-section of the bone of a bird’s skull: Holes keep the material light enough that the bird can fly, but it’s still sturdy. Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library via Getty Images

Human engineers have always envied this efficiency. You can see it in the hexagonal perfection of a honeycomb, which uses the least amount of wax to store the most honey, and in the internal spiraling architecture of seashells that resist crushing pressures.

For centuries, however, manufacturing limitations meant engineers couldn’t easily copy these natural designs. Traditional manufacturing has usually been subtractive, meaning it starts with a heavy block of metal that is carved down, or formative, which entails pouring liquid plastic into a mold. Neither method can easily create complex, spongelike interiors hidden inside a solid shell.

Bird bones, seashells and honeycombs use clever, porous designs to stay strong without the extra weight. Now, 3D printing is letting engineers copy those natural blueprints.

The sustainable future

Beyond performance, mimicking nature’s less-is-more approach is a significant win for sustainability. By “printing air” into the internal structure of a product, manufacturers can use significantly less raw material while maintaining the necessary strength.

As industrial 3D printing becomes faster and cheaper, manufacturing will move further away from the solid-block era and closer to the elegant efficiency of the biological world. Nature has spent millions of years perfecting these blueprints through evolution – and engineers are finally learning how to read them.

The invisible architecture

That paradigm changed with the maturation of additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, when it evolved from a niche prototyping tool into a robust industrial force. While the technology was first patented in the 1980s, it truly took off over the past decade as it became capable of producing end-use parts for high-stakes industries like aerospace and health care.

3D printing makes it far easier to manufacture lightweight, hole-filled materials. kynny/iStock via Getty Images

Instead of cutting away material, printers build objects layer by layer, depositing plastic or metal powder only exactly where it’s needed based on a digital file. This technology unlocked a new frontier in materials science focused on mesostructures.

A mesostructure represents the in-between scale. It is not the microscopic atomic makeup of the material, nor is it the macroscopic overall shape of the object, like a whole shoe. It is the internal architecture, including the engineered pattern of air and material hidden inside.

It’s the difference between a solid brick and the intricate iron latticework of the Eiffel Tower. Both are strong, but one uses vastly less material to achieve that strength because of how the empty space is arranged.

If engineers wanted to make a part stronger, they generally had to make it thicker and heavier. This approach is often inefficient, wastes material and results in heavier products that require more energy to transport.

I am a mechanical engineer and associate professor at the University of Wisconsin-Stout, where I research the intersection of advanced manufacturing and biology. For several years, my work has focused on using additive manufacturing to create materials that, like a bird’s wing, are both incredibly light and capable of handling intense physical stress. While these “holey” designs have existed in nature for millions of years, it is only recently that 3D printing has made it possible for us to replicate them in the lab.

From the lab to your closet

While the concept of using additive manufacturing to create parts that take advantage of mesostructures started in research labs around the year 2000, consumers are now seeing these bio-inspired designs in everyday products.

The footwear industry is a prime example. If you look closely at the soles of certain high-end running shoes, you won’t see a solid block of foam. Instead, you will see a complex, weblike lattice structure that looks suspiciously like the inside of a bird bone. This printed design mimics the springiness and weight distribution found in natural porous structures, offering tuned performance that solid foam cannot match.

Engineers use the same principle to improve safety gear. Modern bike helmets and football helmet liners are beginning to replace traditional foam padding with 3D-printed lattices. These tiny, repeating jungle gym structures are designed to crumple and rebound to absorb the energy more efficiently than solid materials, much like how the porous bone inside your own skull protects your brain.

Testing the limits

In my research, I look for the rules nature uses to build strong objects.

For example, seashells are tough because they are built like a brick wall, with hard mineral blocks held together by a thin layer of stretchy glue. This pattern allows the hard bricks to slide past each other instead of snapping when put under pressure. The shell absorbs energy and stops cracks from spreading, which makes the final structure much tougher than a solid piece of the same material.

I use advanced computer models to crush thousands of virtual designs to see exactly when and how they fail. I have even used neural networks, a type of artificial intelligence, to find the best patterns for absorbing energy.

My studies have shown that a wavy design can be very effective, especially when we fine-tune the thickness of the lines and the number of turns in the pattern. By finding these perfect combinations, we can design products that fail gradually and safely – much like the crumple zone on the front of a car.

By understanding the mechanics of these structures, engineers can tailor them for specific jobs, making one area of a product stiff and another area flexible within a single continuous printed part.

The Conversation

All The Conversation News

I’m a dietitian who had anorexia. Here’s how I ask about concerning weight loss.

91��Ƭ dietician cautions against avoiding discussing concerning changes to someone’s appearance

From Norway to Wisconsin, children want to be social media influencers when they grow up

Professor Matt Simoneau investigates kids' global fascination with careers in social media

Falling space debris poses an escalating risk as spacecraft get stronger and more heat resistant

Student Reese Hufnagel and Professor Matthew Ray examine the material solutions and ‘designing for demise’ to counter public safety risks

Professor Anne Schmitz investigates how nature provides a blueprint for better engineering. bee-honeycomb.jpg

University Communications

Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering

The Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering focuses on enhancing the learning experience for students in 91��Ƭ Polytechnic's engineering programs.

Search Keywords: engineeringmaterial sciencemanufacturingadditive manufacturing3D printing

Hero Caption: Engineers use structures found in nature – like the honeycomb – to create lightweight, sturdy materials.

Anne Schmitz

Full Name: Anne Schmitz, Ph.D.

Job Title: Associate Professor

Include in Directory: Yes

College: College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Management

Department: Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering Engineering & Technology Department

Program

All Degree Programs

B.S. Mechanical Engineering

Website: Anne Schmitz CV

Education:

Degree: Ph.D. Biomedical Engineering

University: University of Wisconsin-Madison

Degree: M.S. Biomedical Engineering

University: University of Wisconsin-Madison

Degree: B.S. Mechanical Engineering

University: University of Wisconsin-Madison

CSTEMM

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Packaging engineering program ranks among top 10 in national listings for its polytechnic approach

goersab — Tue, 03 Feb 2026 14:00:00 +0000

Packaging engineering program ranks among top 10 in national listings for its polytechnic approachgoersab February 3, 2026

Applied learning, strong industry partnerships benefit students, create clear career pathways

Abbey Goers

91��Ƭ’s B.S. packaging program has been recognized by three national ranking authorities in their annual listings:

College Raptor: No. 3 for 2026
Universities.com: No. 9 for 2026
College Factual: No. 5 for 2025

“We are honored to be recognized as one of the top packaging programs in the nation,” said Associate Professor Min DeGruson, program director. “91��Ƭ’s distinction comes from our polytechnic approach of hands-on, applied learning, our deep and long-standing industry partnerships and our strong career focus.”

DeGruson said students with an interest in design, engineering, problem-solving and sustainability can find wonderful careers in the packaging field. In the end, every product needs a package — meaning every industry needs packaging engineers, she said.

91��Ƭ packaging graduates achieve 100% job placement with an average starting salary of $70,000. Located near the Twin Cities and Wisconsin’s Fox Valley, two major hubs for packaging innovation, 91��Ƭ offers unparalleled access to packaging suppliers and career opportunities across the food, consumer products and medical device industries.

Recent employers of graduates include 3M, Bosch, Boston Scientific, General Mills, Great Northern Corporation, Kimberly Clark, Medtronic, Milwaukee Tool, Post Consumer Brands, Sartori Cheese, Target and more.

91��Ƭ’s award-winning Cooperative Education & Internship Program helps students connect with placement opportunities to gain additional career-readiness skills before graduation. More than a third of students accept positions after graduation with their internship employer.

Students begin working in five dedicated packaging labs in their first semester, spending more than half of their coursework engaged in lab-based testing, materials research, prototyping, and design verification alongside faculty and peers.

“With our dedicated labs, a rich program history, and a highly engaged alumni network, our students benefit from exceptional industry support and clear career pathways. These strengths are reflected in our outcomes,” DeGruson said.

Cross-disciplinary research and projects are another highlight of education at 91��Ƭ, as well as the Great Northern Corp. Collaboration Experience course, in which students design packaging for a Great Northern client.

Design, packaging students bring ideas to life for Revolution Beauty of London

Course sponsored by company provides concepts for Revolution Beauty of London

“Packaging students work alongside students from the graphic communications, and graphic design and interactive media, industrial and product design and video production programs,” Associate Professor Kate Liu said. “We offer students multiple development paths to maximize their potential for success, including design, management, sustainability, business, medical packaging, food packaging, quality control, manufacturing, sales and supply chain.”

The program’s dedicated faculty, including three professors and an adjunct professor with diverse expertise, ensures students are well-prepared for their careers. “We have excellent instructors and small class sizes that allow students to develop key skills for success,” added Provost Glendalí Rodríguez.

In addition to her faculty role, DeGruson is chair of the Food Packaging Division under the Institute of Food Technologists and is an Executive Committee member of Kilmer Innovation in Packaging. Liu recently worked with Madison-based Tricky Foods to identify sustainable insulation options to safely ship charcuterie and cheese boards coast to coast.

Students have the opportunity to join the Stout Packaging Association. They also participate in and are frequently awarded for their designs at national and international student competitions, including the Paperboard Packaging Alliance, International Molded Fiber Association, Flexible Packaging Association and 48HR REPACK, created by the Institute of Packaging Professionals. A team of students even won a competition sponsored by Kellanova, a division of Kellogg’s, and the Packaging Association of Canada, for their redesign of the iconic Pringles packaging.

91��Ƭ is the only school among the Universities of Wisconsin that offers a bachelor’s in packaging. Schools that ranked first and second in each list are Michigan State University and Clemson University.

91��Ƭ also offers a minor in sustainability and a B.S. plastics engineering, in which faculty and students research how the plastics industry can be more sustainable, including by using more recycled materials.

Packaging

All Packaging News

Inspiring Graduate: Austin Pratt, B.S. Packaging

Hired before graduation at Smurfit Westrock

Inspiring Graduate: Makenna Lowell, B.S. Packaging

Hired before graduation at Midwest Packaging and Container

Packaging engineering program ranks among top 10 in national listings for its polytechnic approach

Applied learning, strong industry partnerships benefit students, create clear career pathways

Applied learning, strong industry partnerships benefit students, create clear career pathways Students in the Packaging Lab

University Marketing

B.S. Packaging

Our B.S. Packaging program provides hands-on training in package printing and design, business, quality management, and research and development.

Learn More

Min DeGruson

Research Interests: My research focuses primarily on synthesis and characterization of bio-based polymers for food packaging applications, and using nanotechnology to improve their mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties with additional functions such as antimicrobial property.

Full Name: Dr. Min L. DeGruson

Job Title: Professor / Program Director

Include in Directory: Yes

College: College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Management

Department: Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering Engineering & Technology Department

Program

All Degree Programs

B.S. Packaging

Curriculum Vitae: Min DeGruson CV (129.92 KB)

Website: LinkedIn Profile

Education:

Degree: Ph.D. Food Packaging/Food Science

University: Pennsylvania State University

Degree: M.S. Plastics Engineering/Engineering Technology

University: Pittsburg State University

Degree: M.S. Cereal, Oils & Protein Engineering

University: South China University of Technology

Degree: B.S. Food Science & Technology

University: Shanghai Jiao Tong University

CSTEMM

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

AI reshaping industry: Biochemistry professor develops unique approach to chatbot use in pharmacology, human biology

goersab — Wed, 14 Jan 2026 14:45:00 +0000

AI reshaping industry: Biochemistry professor develops unique approach to chatbot use in pharmacology, human biologygoersab January 14, 2026

Grant develops student-driven projects; finds high accuracy in AI-dispensed information

Abbey Goers

Professor Jennifer Grant, with 91��Ƭ’s biology department, has been curious about how well everyday chatbots dispense health information, including pharmacology advice and influences on human health.

“You sometimes hear that these tools can give distorted or misleading answers, and that’s what first caught my attention,” she said.

To quell her curiosity, Grant began several lines of AI research and developed projects for her introductory pharmacology and 100-level human biology students. For the results of the first study, Grant published a peer-reviewed manuscript, with reviews that noted that she is developing a unique angle on chatbot use in health care.

“Looking ahead, I plan to develop curricula that teach both students and, eventually, patients how to critically evaluate the quality of chatbot responses. Those skills will be of paramount importance in a world overflowing with digital advice,” Grant said.

When everyday chatbots dispense advice

A plot graph comparing ChatGPT and Copilot / Jennifer Grant

Grant asked her pharmacology students to put three chatbots to the test: ChatGPT, Copilot and Gemini. Their task was simple: ask the chatbots about the safety profiles of specific medications and look for errors. They looked at correctness and rated how thorough and helpful the generated answers were.

“To my surprise, and theirs, students found that the chatbot responses were highly accurate,” she said. “And yes, the chatbots differed. Each had their own style, and students preferred when chatbots organized information in a helpful way.”

Grant recently published an article on her findings in the open-access journal Discover Artificial Intelligence, titled “Undergraduates perceive differences in helpfulness and thoroughness of responses of ChatGPT 3.0, Gemini 1.5, and Copilot responses about drug interactions.”

“I published this research because this is truly a new academic frontier. This work is also very timely, because we believe that many people already consult everyday chatbots for medical advice,” she said.

Access to better information on human health

The pharmacology project experience led Grant to wonder how this approach could help students in her human biology class. Because the goals in that course are different, Grant redesigned the activity.

Instead of focusing on medications, students used Copilot and ChatGPT to explore how molecules influence human health. Every other week, students asked the chatbots a question tied to the organ system the class was studying. Early results showed that the chatbots provided accurate information, and Grant is excited to work up the rest of the data.

“Chatbots are everywhere now, which means learners and patients have more information at their fingertips than ever before. My hope is that this work will help people get better information, not just more of it,” she said.

A third line of Grant’s research addresses biochemistry, using AI software to look at how proteins fold. These student projects are in mid-stage, with outcomes expected by June.

“I am very excited about these projects and will start looking for high-power collaborators with bespoke AI chatbots this spring,” she said.

Artificial Intelligence

All Artificial Intelligence News

91��Ƭ gets $19 million federal grant to manage statewide manufacturing program

MOC gets federal designation as Wisconsin’s statewide leader in supporting small and medium-sized manufacturers

91��Ƭ AI experts give AARP readers tips on navigating a chatbot-powered world

91��Ƭ AI technologist, STEMM professor recommend thinking critically, protecting personal data

Wisconsin manufacturing leaders unite to accelerate AI adoption across the state

MKE Tech Hub, WMEP and 91��Ƭ form strategic partnership to support mid-market manufacturers

Grant develops student-driven projects; finds high accuracy in AI-dispensed information Jennifer Grant research, ChatGPT vs Copilot plot graph

University Marketing

Biology Department

Biology helps us understand ourselves, other species, and our place in the earth's ecology, and what life is and how it functions.

91��Ƭ’s biology department offers undergraduate degrees in biochemistry and molecular biology; applied science; biology; environmental science; as well as an online professional science master's in conservation biology. 91��Ƭ also offers degrees in chemistry and physics.

Is content a Story?: Yes

Jennifer Grant

Teaching Interests: Proteomics (Bio425); Biochemistry (Chem311); General Chemistry (Chem135); Human Biology Lecture & Laboratory (Bio132); Biochemistry Lecture & Laboratory (Chem311); Introduction to Biotechnology (Bio210, Online); Advanced Biotechnology (Bio470); Introductory Biology (Bio101); General Chemistry (Chem 135); Biology of Aging (Bio125)

Research Interests: The impact of proteins in disease and the creation of functional foods using biochemistry.

Professional Interests: Mass spectrometry, protein chemistry, protein separations.

Full Name: Jennifer E. Grant, Ph.D.

Job Title: Professor

Include in Directory: Yes

Area of Expertise: Mass Spectrometry Protein Chemistry Protein Separations

College: College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Management

Department: Biology Department

Program

All Degree Programs

Website: LinkedIn Profile

Education:

Degree: Ph.D. Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology

University: University of Wisconsin Medical School

Degree: M.S. Biochemistry

University: Case Western Reserve University Medical School

Degree: B.A. Biochemistry

University: Oberlin College

CSTEMM

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No

Ashley Furniture-sponsored project results in ‘better product’ developed by engineering seniors

goersab — Mon, 05 Jan 2026 13:50:00 +0000

Ashley Furniture-sponsored project results in ‘better product’ developed by engineering seniorsgoersab January 5, 2026

Student team builds functional nonstandard pallet stacker to be implemented, replicated in company’s facilities

Abbey Goers

A team of engineering students at 91��Ƭ designed an innovative nonstandard pallet stacker for Arcadia-based Ashley Furniture, which plans to quickly implement the machine in its facilities.

Within their Senior Design Experience II capstone course, the team was tasked with building a machine that could lift and hold 6-foot-long, 100-pound pallets off the ground until a stack of 12 was collected. Made of quarter-inch steel, the stacker can support 1,800 pounds, a 125% increase of Ashley’s requested 1,400 maximum stack weight.

Once the stack is complete, the system lowers it to the floor for removal with an electric pallet jack. The stacker – which is 10 feet long, 8 feet wide and 4 feet tall – can be operated by a single person and has a maximum cycle time of 40 seconds.

Erik Kramer, Chase Rodewald, Luke Mertens, Riley Stiehl and Zachary Morgan.

The student team is Luke Mertens, a double major in manufacturing and mechanical engineering from Blue Earth, Minnesota; manufacturing engineering major Zachary Morgan of Eau Claire; and mechanical engineering majors Chase Rodewald of Lake City, Minnesota, and Riley Stiehl of Alma.

During the Manufacturing Engineering & Mechanical Engineering Showcase on Dec. 16, they presented a scaled, controls-focused prototype to 91��Ƭ faculty and supporters, as well as Ashley representatives, including Manufacturing Engineer Erik Kramer, the team’s project manager.

“The 91��Ƭ team built a better system, a better product for us. And with a final product price of about $25,000, their solution offers us a cost reduction of about 60%,” Kramer said. “Now, with the team’s documentation, our automation team can replicate their functional design to build six more stackers for our facilities.”

Riley Stiehl (left) and Chase Rodewald (right) present the Ashley Furniture nonstandard pallet stacker.

The team will submit their accompanying documents and the full-size machine, which includes an emergency stop for user safety, to Ashley for integration into the company’s operations. Final assembly will be completed at Ashley, when safety curtains will be installed around the machine as well.

Reverse-engineering to build a better product

The two-semester-long project began last spring, when the team had a site visit to Ashley to meet with Kramer and other staff. Ashley had purchased a stacker from a third party, but there were aspects of the machine that Kramer and staff didn’t like.

“We needed the Stout team to find a way to reverse-engineer the machine to have it function as we needed it to,” Kramer said.

A digital SolidWorks model of the Ashley Furniture nonstandard pallet stacker.

The team developed schematics in SolidWorks software and a small-scale model, which they presented to Ashley in May. Ashley purchased the materials needed to build the prototype as well as the final product.

“We’re no different than a real engineering team. Everyone is working together, but we each have niche roles based on our strengths,” said Mertens, who led the team’s controls and instrumentation. Morgan was the CNC machinist and completed the documentation and organization of project records. Rodewald and Stiehl managed the manual assembly, machining and welding.

While some of the parts were cut and machined at Ashley, the team also completed the machining and welding of parts in 91��Ƭ’s Fryklund Hall labs.

Chase Rodewald (left) and Riley Stiehl (right) assemble the Ashley Furniture nonstandard pallet stacker prototype.

“There’s a lot to be done, so it’s nice to have multiple people working on it together,” Stiehl said. “We relied on Ashley’s industry equipment and experience. Having them cut and machine parts, rather than going to a third source, was a lot more cost-effective and saved a lot of time. And we could also use our own skills right in the labs on campus.”

Electrical and welding breakthroughs

During the first phase of their project, the team’s biggest challenge was how to meet one of the requirements set by Ashley: using electrical power, rather than pneumatics or hydraulics, to lift the pallets.

“Because most electrical motors are rotational based, it limits your options for linear motion, or the straight-line and up-and-down motion we needed for the pallet stacker,” Rodewald said. “We achieved this through a linear actuator, which is a device that converts a motor’s rotational energy into linear motion.”

Luke Mertens works on the controls for the Ashley Furniture nonstandard pallet stacker prototype.

The electrical power matches Ashley’s capabilities and can be implemented immediately on the shop floor by pulling in power from overhead sources, instead of the company having to install tanks to support a fluid power device.

During the project’s second phase, the team was challenged by how to weld some of the individual pieces before final assembly. The gussets – a three-part support structure, for example – needed to self-align at a 90-degree-angle to make it easier for Rodewald and Stiehl when welding the pieces together.

“We devised a self-aligning slot and tab mechanism, so the parts would basically hold themselves in place,” Stiehl said.

A side-by-side comparison of a digital model and a welded gusset.

“Breakthroughs often come just after the moment you feel you’ve exhausted every option,” Mertens added.

Engineering students use a project management methodology called a “stage gate process,” which includes built-in briefs and reviews at key points in the design and build process. It also allows for feedback from their classmates, professors and project sponsors.

“The process is very helpful because it allows you to review the current aspects of your design, so you never get too far down a rabbit hole,” Mertens said. “The feedback allows for a varying array of perspectives from your rough draft to the final draft of your concept.”

Zachary Morgan (left) and Luke Mertens (right) present a prototype of the Ashley Furniture nonstandard pallet stacker.

This fall semester, the Ashley capstone team was just one of a dozen teams composed of about 50 engineering students working on Capstone I and II projects in Fryklund Hall labs.

Mertens, Morgan, Rodewald and Stiehl earned their degrees and crossed the commencement stage on Dec. 20, among a class of 527 Stout Proud graduates.

According to the university’s most recent First Destination Report, 99% of 2023-24 graduates from the mechanical and manufacturing engineering programs reported they were either employed or continuing their education within six months, with an average starting salary of $72,000.

91��Ƭ’s Robert F. Cervenka School of Engineering is home to five ABET-accredited programs that also include computer and electrical engineering, engineering technology and plastics engineering, as well as a sixth bachelor’s program in packaging. A master’s in manufacturing engineering is available on campus or online.

School of Engineering

All School of Engineering News

Engineering students support Sierra Space’s lunar testing system

Alum works with engineering students to improve lunar dust testing, bolstering NASA’s return to the moon

Ashley, Cadrex, Apogee among companies benefiting from engineering students’ prototypes

Capstone projects demonstrate mechanical, manufacturing know-how, leadership skills

Inspiring Graduate: Thomas Shamla, B.S. Mechanical Engineering

Hired before graduation at Absolut Manufacturing

Student team builds functional nonstandard pallet stacker to be implemented, replicated in company’s facilities Engineering capstone, Ashley project

University Marketing

B.S. Manufacturing Engineering

Our B.S. Manufacturing Engineering program trains you in engineering design, robotics, artificial intelligence, automation systems, and industrial management.

Learn More

B.S. Mechanical Engineering

Our B.S. Mechanical Engineering program covers mechanics, kinematics, thermal/fluid sciences, materials sciences, and more.

Learn More

Search Keywords: mechanical engineering degreemanufacturing engineering degreeAshley Furniturenonstandard pallet stacker

Hero Caption: Zachary Morgan (left) and Luke Mertens (right) present a prototype of the Ashley Furniture nonstandard pallet stacker.

Include in Directory: Off

Exclude from Internal Site Search: No